FTP: Rated "R" or not?

MPAA Rated "R"

The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) film rating system is a rating system for films based on the thematic and content suitability for certain audiences. Content of concern might include cursing (a word, or the number of times a particular profane word is used, etc.), nudity (partial or full, shirtless man or a topless woman, historical and educational value, etc.), violence (level of violence, graphic or explicit, amount of bloodshed, etc.). The system is riddled with double standards and continues to evolve as the MPAA redefines the definition of “audience” and “suitable”.

The current rating system used by the MPAA is as follows:

G- General Audiences (All ages admitted)
PG- Parental Guidance Suggested (Some material may not be suitable for children)
PG-13-Parents Strongly Cautioned (Some material may be inappropriate for children under 13)
R- Restricted (Under 17 requires accompanying by a parent or adult guardian)
NC-17- (No One 17 and Under Admitted)

So, what rating will the MPAA slap on “Flight to Paradise” when it is converted into a screenplay? (always optimistic)

Before you answer that question, let me ask you an easy one—a warm up; open book; cake walk; no brainer: What rating system would the MPAA put on the Bible (particularly the Old Testament) if it were converted into a screenplay? Keep in mind that “The Bible” will be a family film.

To save you the time of re-reading the entire Old Testament, I’ll give you a few snippets of scenes found in the first book of Genesis. This should help speed you along to your decision:

• Noah gets drunk, and one of his sons dishonors him by committing an immoral act in his father’s bedroom.
• Abraham twice tries to pass his wife off to another man to save his own skin. Later, his son Isaac does the same thing.
• Abraham sleeps with one of the household servants so he can have an heir. This was his wife’s idea, but she becomes so jealous after it happens, that she angrily throws the woman and her son out of the house to live in poverty and shame.
• Lot offers to let a violent mob gang rape his daughters. Lot’s daughters later get their own father drunk and sleep with him so that they can have children.
• Jacob, Isaac’s son, is a deceitful mama’s boy who tricks his father and brother out of important family legal rights. He has to run away from home so his brother won’t kill him.
• He goes to work for his ruthless uncle, who keeps him in virtual slavery for decades. Jacob escapes by tricking him and running away.
• Jacob’s wives live in constant jealousy and competition, continually tricking Jacob and each other in an ongoing battle for supremacy in the family.
• Jacob’s sons loathe one of their brothers, sell him into slavery, then lie to their father and tell him he died.
• Jacob’s daughter Dinah is raped. Her brothers exact revenge by deceiving and then murdering the perpetrator, destroying and looting his city, and taking all his family members captive.
• Judah refuses to find a husband for his widowed daughter-in-law, Tamar. So she disguises herself as a prostitute, tricks her father-in-law into sleeping with her, and becomes pregnant.

Lot and his daughters

...and that's only from Genesis.

We could continue and see some more horrid stories, like the one with Jael and Sisera. Jael gives Sisera some milk to drink, putting him to sleep, before she drives a tent stake in his head. Now that would make a nice flannel board story for the young girls in Sunday School.

Jael drives a tent stake in Sisera's head

What do you think: “G”? You say, “No?” Then maybe we should bump it up to a “PG-13”? Do you think that will give “certain audiences” fair warning of “thematic and content suitability”? I don’t think so. Okay, how about “R”? Or perhaps we should just put a big “X” on the cover of the Bible and be done with it. (note: The "X" rating was not an MPAA trademark: any producer not submitting a movie for MPAA rating could self-apply the "X" rating)

Flannel Board Lesson

It’s likely that many people have Sunday School images in their minds when they think of Genesis—they picture God creating the world, Adam and Eve frolicking in the Garden of Eden, Noah gathering cute little animals onto the ark and God putting a beautiful rainbow in the sky, Abraham and Sarah having a baby in their old age, and Joseph wearing his coat of many colors. It all sounds real “nice” and makes for the perfect image of a Sunday morning flannel board story told to pre-school children. In reality, it couldn’t be further from “nice”; it’s ugly, raw, indecent, gross, nasty, vulgar, explicit, sad… and “REAL”.

God must have wanted us to see the utter dysfunction of fratricide, adultery, prostitution, deceit, trickery, lies, stealing, murder, and the rest. He must have wanted us to see the “real” world filled with real people who had real needs. He must have wanted us to read and shout “Yes! Exactly! Someone understands!” He must have known that when we saw God dealing with real human beings, redeeming them out of, or despite of, the messes they/we create, that we would believe that He could certainly forgive us of our messes and failures.

To admit that we live in a broken world and that flaws, struggles, fears, failures, and doubts are a part of the normal Christian journey is the beginning of our own personal forgiveness and removal of guilt: admit it; accept responsibility; ask for forgiveness.

“Flight to Paradise” is a dramatic story (a snapshot) of the human experience as it exists in a real world with characters cast to reflect real people. It highlights the timeless and universal message of love, hope, redemption, and forgiveness—a message that I believe we all need.

FID: Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II "The Conqueror"

“On this day in 1453, the conquerors were extraordinarily brutal. Historian Steven Runciman notes that the Muslim soldiers ‘slew everyone that they met in the streets, men, women, and children without discrimination. The blood ran in rivers down the steep streets from the heights of Petra toward the Golden Horn.’” (The Fall of Constantinople 1453, Cambridge University Press, 1965, p. 145.)

While searching for my villain’s motive, I uncovered some very remarkable ties to some very remarkable key figures in history, one of which was Mehmet II. It was as if I had announced a casting call and the pages of history provided the perfect characters. To avoid spoiling it, I can’t tell you how these characters support the story, but I can give you a brief synopsis of the characters and what they did.

Mehmet II "The Conquerer"

In 1451, at the young age of 19, Mehmet II ascended the throne and began his reign as the Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II. By the time young Mehmet took control, the Ottomans controlled almost all of the former Christian and Byzantine lands except Constantinople (present day Istanbul).

Contantinople (Istanbul)

Constantinople was founded by the Roman emperor Constantine I “the Great” on the site of an already existing city, Byzantium. The site for the city lay astride the land route from Europe to Asia and the seaway from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, and had in the Golden Horn an excellent and spacious harbor. Throughout most of the Middle Ages (between the 5th and 15th centuries), Constantinople was Europe’s largest and wealthiest city.

Mehmet II atop his white steed prepares his troops for attack

By the time of Mehmet’s reign, Constantinople had weakened, falling in population from 400,000 to 50,000. Mehmet, with an army of between 80,000 to 200,000 Ottoman warriors (Janissaries), attacked 7,000 Christian defenders and, after a month, took Constantinople for Islam. The siege lasted from Friday, 6 April 1453 until Tuesday, 29 May 1453.

Lunar Eclipse

On May 22, 1453, the moon, the symbol of Constantinople, rose in dark eclipse, fulfilling a prophecy on the city's demise. Four days later, the whole city was blotted out by a thick fog, a condition unknown in that part of the world in May. When the fog lifted that evening, a strange light was seen playing about the dome of the Hagia Sophia. The light around the dome was interpreted by some as the Holy Spirit departing from the Cathedral.

Hagia Spohia (before conquest by Mehmet II)

On May 28, 1453, as the Ottoman army prepared for the final assault, large-scale religious processions were held in the city. In the evening a last solemn ceremony was held in the Hagia Sophia, in which the Emperor and representatives of both the Latin and Greek Church partook, together with nobility from both sides. Shortly after midnight the attack began.

Ottomans attack the walls of Constantinople

The first wave of attackers (auxiliaries), was poorly trained and equipped, and was meant only to kill as many defenders as possible. The second assault, consisting largely of Anatolians, focused on a section of the walls in the northwest part of the city, which had been partially damaged by the cannon. The Ottoman attackers managed to break through, but were just as quickly pushed back out by the defenders. The Christians also managed for a time to hold off the third attack by the Sultan's elite Janissaries, but the Genoese general in charge of the land troops, Giovanni Giustiniani, was grievously wounded (succumbed to his wounds a few days later) during the attack, and his evacuation from the ramparts caused a panic in the ranks of the defenders.

Mehmet II enters Constantinople atop his white steed

With Giustiniani's Genoese troops retreating into the city and towards the harbor, Constantine and his men, now left to their own devices, kept fighting and managed to hold off the attackers for awhile. At this point, some historians suggest that one of the gates had been left unlocked, allowing the first fifty or so Ottoman troops to enter the city. When Turkish flags were seen flying atop the Inner Wall, panic ensued, and the defense collapsed, as Janissary soldiers pressed forward. It is said that Constantine, throwing aside his purple regalia, led the final charge against the oncoming Ottomans, dying in the ensuing battle in the streets like his soldiers.

Constantinople fell to Ottomans under a crescent moon

On May 29, 1453, under a crescent moon, the great Christian city of Constantinople fell to the Ottomans and to Islam.

Ottoman Army converges on Hagia Sophia

The Army converged upon the Augesteum, the vast square that fronted the great church of Hagia Sophia whose bronze gates were barred by a huge throng of civilians inside the building, hoping for divine protection. After the doors were breached, the troops separated the congregation according to what price they might bring on the slave markets. Mehmet II allowed his troops to plunder the city for three days, during which multitudes of civilians were massacred and enslaved. There was raping, massacring and pillaging. Soldiers fought over the possession of some of the spoils of war. According to the Venetian surgeon Nicolo Barbaro: "all through the day the Turks made a great slaughter of Christians through the city". On the third day, Mehmet ordered all looting to stop and sent his troops back outside the walls.

Hagia Sophia (modern day)

The loss of the city was a massive blow to Christendom. Mehmet II went into the Hagia Sophia, the single greatest church in Christendom and said, “There is one God. Muhammad is his messenger.” Sultan Mehmet II later ordered the building to be converted into a mosque. The bells, altar, iconostasis, and sacrificial vessels were removed and many of the mosaics were eventually plastered over. The Islamic features—such as the mihrab (a niche in the wall that indicates the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca and the direction that Muslims should face when praying), the minbar (the raised platform from which an Imam (leader of prayer) addresses the congregation), and the four minarets outside—were added over the course of its history under the Ottomans. It remained as a mosque until 1935, when it was converted into a museum by the Republic of Turkey.

With Constantinople beneath his belt, Mehmet II had acquired a great, rich city. The Capital allowed the Turks to establish a permanent supply base in Christian Europe. Further advances into Hungary and the principalities bordering the two kingdoms would have been difficult, if not impossible, without the harbors of Constantinople bringing in supplies and serving as a fortified center from which to administer the empire and strategy.

FID: Upside Down and Inside Out

For me, the best part of a story is when something in the story catches me by surprise: an unexpected twist or turn that causes me to rethink the part of the story I have already read, analyze the characters more carefully, or simply grab hold and see how this unexpected surprise will affect the outcome for the characters.

As I develop my stories, I find it thrilling when my research uncovers events (and people) in history that provide readymade landscapes for natural twist and turns.

Several years ago, when I first started contemplating the idea of "Flight into Darkness" and had decided on the basic storyline, I needed a motive for my villain. I knew what I wanted him to do, but I needed a driving reason--something he wanted more than life. As I started digging, one thing led to another. After literally years of research, I have unearthed a readymade stage that is more than perfect for the story, much like an archaeologist (someone who studies people and what they did in the past from the things they left behind).

In this blog, it is as if I am presenting the many finds from my research--from all my digging--without telling you how it all fits together. I have to assume that, at times, the post seem disconnected and fragmented--especially when you read them "upside down", as presented in the blog (last comes first). If you enjoy history, the pieces of the puzzle I spread out on the table will hopfully seem somewhat satisfying in themselves--at least for the moment; if not, you might have to wait for the novel to fully appreciate the blog.

The post so far, with the exception of a few, like my "Fact or Fiction" post, have been mostly aimed at the research behind the villain's motive. When I have finished with the villain, I will continue with some of the less-historical facts behind the story development. Of course when I do, those future post will be in the present, making the relevance of this topic outdated--in the past. So by the time someone reads down to this post, they will have already read all of my future post (which I don't even know what they are yet).

For now, I hope you will continue to follow the blog--with an eye on the prize: release of the story--enduring the "Upside Down and Inside Out" process, that is inherant with a blog.

FID: Golden Gates

The sequel to “Flight to Paradise” (FTP), titled “Flight into Darkness” (FID), is a suspense/thriller. When I first set out to write FID, the working title was “The Golden Gate”. I intended on making the story a stand-alone novel.

After FTP was published, I returned to FID. I realized how natural it would be to tweak the second story and turn it into a sequel to FTP—same characters continuing their journey. It became so natural that my third story “From LA to LA”, a Southern humorous story, seemed to be a perfect fit to complete a trilogy with the new title “Flight to Freedom” (FTF). So the Flight Trilogy was born.

In this post, I will continue with more information supporting my years of research while writing the manuscript for FID (previously titled “The Golden Gate”). A key element of the novel is supported by the information in this post.

You ask, “Why Golden Gates?”

Golden Gates have been significant structures for thousands of years, plus, there are three Golden Gates mentioned in FID. I want to focus on two Golden Gates that existed in the holiest cities of Eastern Orthodoxy: Constantinople (present day Istanbul, Turkey) and Jerusalem.

Before I continue, let me make a note in reference to the Eastern Orthodox Church (officially called the Orthodox Catholic Church) and more specifically the term “Orthodox”. The term “Orthodox” translates from the Greek to mean “correctly believing” or "correctly glorifying" and was adopted by the Church in order to distinguish itself from what was becoming a larger and larger body of non-orthodox Christian denominations. The Orthodox Church regards itself as the historical and organic continuation of the original Church founded by Christ and His apostles.

The point being that, for the purposes of my discussion of Golden Gates as they relate to the novel, the two holiest cities of Eastern Orthodoxy (referenced above) were not, at the time, under Muslim control. This is a key point in the storyline of FID.

The Golden Gate: Constantinople (presently called Istanbul):

Constantine the Great (306-337 A.D.; the first Christian emperor reigning from Constantinople) moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium, which he refounded as Constantinopolis (“City of Constantine”)—the symbol of Christianity. After taking control, he expanded the new city and its protective walls. The names of the gates within the Constantinian Wall survived, but there are only two gates whose locations are known with certainty, one being the Old Golden Gate.

Walls of Constantinople and Golden Gate

The Old Golden Gate stood somewhere on the southern slopes of the Seventh Hill. Its construction is often attributed to Constantine, but is in fact of uncertain age. It survived until the 14th century, when the Byzantine scholar Manuel Chrysoloras described it as being built of "wide marble blocks with a lofty opening", and crowned by a kind of stoa (covered walkways or porticos, commonly for public usage). In late Byzantine times, a painting of the Crucifixion was allegedly placed on the gate, leading to its later Ottoman name, İsakapı ("Gate of Jesus"). History tells us that the Gate of Jesus was the one through which Constantine himself entered the new city in triumph after its completion in 328. It was destroyed by an earthquake in 1509, but its approximate location is known through the presence of the nearby İsakapı Mescidi mosque.

Under the rule of Theodosius I (347-395 A.D.; the last emperor of the Easter and Western Roman Empire), construction began on a new wall which incorporated the rebuilding of the Golden Gate. The new wall contained nine main gates. The location of only three gates, the Golden Gate, the Gate of Rhesion and the Gate of Charisius, can be established directly from the literary evidence.

Recreation of The Golden Gate of Constantinople

The gate, built of large square blocks of polished white marble fitted together without cement, has the form of a triumphal arch with three arched gates, the middle one larger than the two others. The gate is flanked by large square towers, which form the 9th and 10th towers of the inner Theodosian wall. The structure was richly decorated with its gold-plated doors and numerous statues, including a statue of Theodosius I on an elephant-drawn chariot (quadriga) on top, echoing the Porta Triumphalis of Rome, which survived until it fell down in an earthquake in 740. Other sculptures were a large cross, which fell in an earthquake in 561 or 562; a Winged Victory, which was cast down in the reign of Michael III; and a crowned Fortune of the City.

Recreation of The Golden Gate of Constantinople

The Golden Gate was the main ceremonial entrance into the capital, used especially for the occasions of a triumphal entry of an emperor into the capital on the occasion of military victories or other state occasions such as coronations. On rare occasions, as a mark of honor, the entry through the gate was allowed to non-imperial visitors. The last triumph to pass into the city through this gate was that of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos on August 15, 1261.

Recreation of The Golden Gate of Constantinople

Despite its ceremonial role, the Golden Gate was one of the stronger positions along the walls of the city, withstanding several attacks during the sieges of the city, and with the addition of transverse walls on the peribolos between the inner and outer walls, it formed a virtually separate fortress. Its military value was recognized by John VI Kantakouzenos (1347–1354), who records that it was virtually impregnable, capable of holding provisions for three years and defying the whole city if need be.

Actual Golden Gate in Istanbul

The Golden Gate in Istanbul is now walled up, and tradition says that the order for its closure was given by Mohammed, the Conqueror (Mehmet II), immediately after his defeating the Romans and entry into the city (May 29, 1453), through fear of an old Turkish prophecy, which declared that through this gate the next conquerors should enter Constantinople. Sealing the Golden Gate was his way of saying that there would be no other conquerors—he was the last.

Actual Golden Gate in Istanbul

The Golden Gate: Jerusalem

The Golden Gate (Jerusalem) is the oldest of the current gates in the Old City Walls and has many names: the Eastern Gate; the Gate of Mercy; the Gate of Eternal Life; the Beautiful Gate—one of the 11 gates within the current Old City walls. It is the gate that Jesus passed through on Palm Sunday. It was probably built in the 520s CE, as part of Justinian I’s building program in Jerusalem, on top of the ruins of an earlier gate in the wall. An alternate theory holds that it was built in the later part of the 7th century by Byzantine artisans.

Old City Walls - Jerusalem

The Old City (Jerusalem) is a walled area within the modern city of Jerusalem; it lies within East Jerusalem. Until the 1860s this area constituted the entire city of Jerusalem. The Old City walls have been built, extended, and rebuilt. The current walls have a total of eleven gates, but only seven are open.

The Old City - Jerusalem

According to the Bible, the city ruled by King David, known as the City of David, is now believed to be southwest of the Old City walls. His son King Solomon extended the city walls and then, in about 440 BCE, Nehemiah returned from Babylon and rebuilt them. In 41-44 CE, Agrippa, king of Judea, built a new city wall known as the "Third Wall."

The current walls of the Old City were built in 1538 by the Muslim Ottoman Empire Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. Three years later in 1541, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent sealed the Golden Gate.

The Golden Gate (East Gate) - Jerusalem

In Jewish tradition this is the gate through which Messiah will enter Jerusalem. It was sealed off in 1541 by sultan Suleiman, allegedly to prevent the Messiah's entrance. The Muslims also built a cemetery in front of the gate, allegedly in the belief that the precursor to the Messiah, Elijah, would not be able to pass through since he is a Kohen. Those Jews who trace their ancestry back to Aaron, the first Jewish priest (kohen), brother of Moses, traditionally did not come into contact with any dead body. In the Israelite religion, such contact rendered the priests "impure" and disqualified them from their priestly duties. To this day in traditional practice, kohanim do not enter a funeral home or a cemetery in order to avoid being in proximity to the dead.

The Golden Gate (East Gate) - Jerusalem

Key points:

There are other Golden Gates I could talk about (the Golden Gates of Kiev, Ukrainian; the Golden Gate in Gdansk, Poland; the Golden Gates of Vladimir, Russia), but the two Golden Gates of importance to the novel are Istanbul and Jerusalem.

One last reverence to another significant Golden Gate:

"And the angel says to me: Hast thou seen all these things? And I answered: Yes my lord. And again he said to me: Come, follow me, and I shall show thee the place of the righteous. And I followed him, and he set me before the doors of the city. And I saw a golden gate, and two golden pillars before it, and two golden plates upon it full of inscriptions. And the angel said to me: Blessed is he who shall enter into these doors; because not every one goeth in, but only those who have single-mindedness, and guiltlessness, and a pure heart."

The text above was taken from: Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/Apocrypha of the New Testament/Revelation of Paul

The Ante-Nicene Fathers, subtitled "The Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325", is a collection of books in 10 volumes (one volume is indexes) containing English translations of the majority of Early Christian writings. The period covers the beginning of Christianity until before the promulgation of the Nicene Creed at the First Council of Nicaea. The translations are very faithful, but sometimes rather old-fashioned.

FID: Topkapi Palace - Istanbul, Turkey

Another history lesson that I feel will, again, add to your enjoyment of “Flight into Darkness” (FID). The villain (Samael Janus), eludes to the Topkapi Palace on several occasions. I felt an overview would be helpful.

Points to remember: The Topkapi Palace was ordered built by Sultan Mehmet II after he conquered Byzantine Constantinople on May 29th in 1453. In a later post, I will give a brief review of Mehmet. He was a very significant figure in the history of Istanbul and is mentioned in FID for an important reason.

Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, Turkey - view from the Bosporus

The Topkapı Palace in Istanbul, Turkey, was the official and primary residence in the city of the Ottoman Sultans for 400 years of their 624-year reign, from 1465 to 1856.

The palace was a setting for state occasions and royal entertainments and is a major tourist attraction today, containing the most holy relics of the Muslim world such as the Prophet Muhammed's cloak and sword.

Initial construction began in 1459, ordered by Sultan Mehmet II, the conqueror of Byzantine Constantinople. The palace is a complex made up of four main courtyards and many smaller buildings. At the height of its existence as a royal residence, the palace was home to as many as 4,000 people, formerly covering a larger area with a long shoreline. The complex has been expanded over the centuries, with many renovations such as after the 1509 earthquake and 1665 fire. It held mosques, a hospital, bakeries, and a mint. The name directly translates as "Cannon gate Palace", from the palace being named after a nearby, now destroyed, gate.

Scale model of Seraglio Point (meaning: Palace Point) with the Topkapi Palace complex

Sultan Mehmet II established the basic layout of the palace. He used the highest point of the promontory for his private quarters and innermost buildings. Various buildings and pavilions surrounded the innermost core and grew down the promontory towards the shores of the Bosphorus. The whole complex was surrounded by high walls, some of which date back to the Byzantine acropolis.

Sultan Mehmet II "The Conquer"

Topkapı Palace gradually lost its importance at the end of the 17th century, as the Sultans preferred to spend more time in their new palaces along the Bosporus. In 1856, Sultan Abdül Mecid I decided to move the court to the newly built Dolmabahçe Palace, the first European-style palace in the city. Some functions, such as the imperial treasury, the library, mosque and mint, were retained though.

After the end of the Ottoman Empire in 1921, Topkapı Palace was transformed by government decree on April 3, 1924 into a museum of the imperial era. The Topkapı Palace Museum is under the administration of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. The palace complex has hundreds of rooms and chambers, but only the most important are accessible to the public today. The complex is guarded by officials of the ministry as well as armed guards of the Turkish military. The palace is full of examples of Ottoman architecture and also contains large collections of porcelain, robes, weapons, shields, armor, Ottoman miniatures, Islamic calligraphic manuscripts and murals, as well as a display of Ottoman treasure and jewelry.

The Imperial Treasury is a vast collection of works of art, jewelry, heirlooms of sentimental value and money belonging to the Ottoman dynasty. Since the palace became a museum, the same rooms have been used to exhibit these treasures. Most of the objects in the Imperial Treasury consisted of gifts, spoils of war, or pieces produced by palace craftsmen. The Chief Treasurer (Hazinedarbaşı) was responsible for the Imperial Treasury. Upon their accession to the throne, it was customary for the sultans to pay a ceremonial visit to the Treasury.

Topkapi Dagger

The second room in the Imperial Treasury houses the Topkapı Dagger. The golden hilt is ornamented with three large emeralds, topped by a golden watch with an emerald lid. The golden sheath is covered with diamonds and enamel. In 1747, the Sultan Mahmud I had this dagger made for Nadir Shah of Persia, but the Shah was assassinated in connection with a revolt before the emissary had left the Ottoman Empire's boundaries and so the Sultan retained it. This dagger gained more fame as the object of the heist depicted of the film Topkapi (see below).

Spoonmaker's Diamond

The most eye-catching jewel in the third room is the Spoonmaker's Diamond, set in silver and surrounded in two ranks with 49 cut diamonds. Legend has it that this diamond was bought by a vizier in a bazaar, the owner thinking it was a worthless piece of crystal. Another, perhaps more likely history for the gem places it among the possessions of Tepedeleni Ali Pasha, confiscated by the Sultan after his execution.

Topkapi Palace

The Light of Day - Novel

 

Topkapi - Movie

 

Movie: "Topkapi" - 1964;

 

based on the British novelist Eric Ambler's "The Light of Day" - 1962 (best seller).